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      <record key="001" att1="001" value="LIB907847304" att2="LIB907847304">001   LIB907847304</record>
      <field key="037" subkey="x">englisch</field>
      <field key="050" subkey="x">Forschungsbericht</field>
      <field key="076" subkey="">Politikwissenschaft</field>
      <field key="079" subkey="y">http://www.ihs.ac.at/publications/pol/pw_10.pdf</field>
      <field key="079" subkey="z">Schmitter, Philippe C., Some Propositions about Civil Society and the Consolidation of Democracy (pdf)</field>
      <field key="100" subkey="">Schmitter, Philippe C.</field>
      <field key="103" subkey="">Stanford University</field>
      <field key="331" subkey="">Some Propositions about Civil Society and the Consolidation of Democracy</field>
      <field key="403" subkey="">1. Ed.</field>
      <field key="410" subkey="">Wien</field>
      <field key="412" subkey="">Institut für Höhere Studien</field>
      <field key="425" subkey="">1993, September</field>
      <field key="433" subkey="">14 pp.</field>
      <field key="451" subkey="">Institut für Höhere Studien; Reihe Politikwissenschaft; 10</field>
      <field key="461" subkey="">Political Science Series</field>
      <field key="544" subkey="">IHSPW 10</field>
      <field key="753" subkey="">Abstract: "Civil Society" is a concept that has been much discussed in relation to the processes of democratization in Southern</field>
      <field key="Eur" subkey="o">pe, Latin America and, especially, in Eastern Europe. Despite widespread recognition of its potential importance, scholars</field>
      <field key="hav" subkey="e">not agreed on how to define it, nor are they sure what the specific nature of its contribution can be. This essay, is an</field>
      <field key="att" subkey="e">mpt to pin down the meaning of civil society and the role that it can play in facilitating the consolidation of democracy.</field>
      <field key="Emp" subkey="h">asis is placed on four characteristics of intermediary organizations: their dual autonomy from both the state and primary</field>
      <field key="soc" subkey="i">al units of production and reproduction; their capacity collective action in defense of the interests and passions of their</field>
      <field key="mem" subkey="b">ers; their limitation with regard to governing the polity as a whole; and, their willingness to act "civilly", i.e. within</field>
      <field key="pre" subkey="-">established rules of exchange and influence. After exploring its relationship with social movements and political parties,</field>
      <field key="att" subkey="e">ntion is focused primarily on the emergent properties of individual interest associations and of the systems of interest</field>
      <field key="int" subkey="e">rmediation they form. Hypothetically, it is suggested that variables such as the number of associations,their density of</field>
      <field key="mem" subkey="b">ership, the breadth of their respective domains and of their coverage of interests/passions, the extent of associational</field>
      <field key="mon" subkey="o">poly and the pressure of higher-order coordination mechanisms combine (admitted in a variety of ways) to determine the</field>
      <field key="str" subkey="u">ctural context within which these organizations can serve to link citizens and public authorities. Strategic capacity,</field>
      <field key="enc" subkey="o">mpassingness, class governance and congruence are offered as the key conditions which determine the strength or weakness of</field>
      <field key="civ" subkey="i">l society. A series of hypotheses are proposed which link (positively and negatively) the relative strength of civil society</field>
      <field key="to" subkey="s">uccess or failure in the effort to consolidate democracy. Furthermore, it is argued that civil society is not an automatic or</field>
      <field key="unr" subkey="e">flexive product of capitalism, urbanization, literacy, social mobilization, economic growth - i.e. of development - although</field>
      <field key="it" subkey="i">s encouraged by all of the above. Rather, its emergence requires explicit policies by public authorities and implicit</field>
      <field key="pra" subkey="c">tices by private (re)producers. After a brief discussion of what these policies may be, the article concludes with some</field>
      <field key="ref" subkey="l">ections of the changing international context and on the relevance of civil society in places an</field>
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